I don't think homework is a necessity to learn, but it is good practice for those that aren't getting it. I never really did much homework throughout high school and I did fine. I think it just varies per kids. Some subjects click with kids, some don't. And also, everyone benefits from other teaching methods, so while a teacher assigns a visual learner bookwork where they have to read and then answer questions, they may not be benefiting from it.
As for the time doing homework. I think ages 5-9 should get between an hour or two. Simply because of their attention span and watching my nephew and niece. In younger kids, it takes about a half an hour for them to get settled into their task. But if you also have them doing it for too long, their mind can start to wander. But then in middle school and high school, 3 hours is totally fine.
But even today, I can't sit for 3 hours straight and do homework. I'd have to take a break and do something else for a few minutes.
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