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1: I don't think so, but if there is, only a very small one. Violence in a game =/= violence in real-life.
Bashing buttons on a plastic-pad does not equal a compulsion to actually bash someone's face in. I think you would either have to be mentally-unstable before playing games to be influenced by them, and as such is not the fault of the game. I myself, and a lot of my friends have played/do play violent games and I don't think that we have any more violent tendencies than the average person. Usually the opposite is true after a really competetive session.
2: You could say that the more fantastical/unrealistic a game is, the less 'dangerous' for people it can be considered to be. Take a game like Halo (eww) for instance where you 'kill' masses of aliens with guns that resemble toys. Contrast this with Manhunt where you graphically and viciously murder and mutilate human-NPCs with objects you can find around the common-household.
3: I wouldn't really know. There's no age-limit on the black-market.
4: It ultimately comes to be the parent's responsibility, both for deciding whether they should accept their child playing violent games at all and when they decide their children mature enough to do so, and to monitor what their child does in their spare-time. You can set up however many restrictions you want but the truly determined will get their hands on them anyway. There's no substitute for good parenting.
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